Punishing an innocent person

Punishing an innocent person All societies around the world have adopted a set of laws that have been precisely designed to create an environment of peace, order and respect for universal human rights like the right to life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Punishing an innocent person specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has therefore been necessary to create institutions such as the police force and courts of law; which have been given a responsibility of detecting, arresting and punishing individuals that fail to live by established laws in a society. Generally, we have been intuited by our consciousness and our societies to approve punishments for the guilty (Those that have trudged on other’s rights or broken set laws). However, as we have often observed, our societies are so complex that it is hardly possible to establish a comprehensive system of appreciating the just and punishing the guilty. Just like the guilty, the innocent have and will continue to be punished. A number of philosophical thoughts have therefore been presented on the morality of punishing the innocent intentionally. These philosophical thoughts have tried to justify the punishment of an innocent person in some specific circumstances. It is useful here to evaluate the meaning of innocence. According to Murphy (2007), it is much easier to define innocence from the legal perspective as compared to doing the same from a moral perspective. From a legal perspective, someone can be judged to be guilty (the reverse of innocent) if he/she has engaged in an act or behavior that is not allowed by a set of rules governing a society where he/she comes from (Murphy, 2007). Moving to the moral field, the threshold moves to the grey scale as one is obliged to apply theories on morality, which often contradict each other, in order to define innocence (Murphy, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fi rst paper with 15% OFF Learn More The utilitarian moral theory is oftentimes applied to justify the punishment of an innocent individual (Murphy, 2007). According to the utilitarian theory, an action or behavior can be evaluated to be morally acceptable or not depending on the effects that it will bring to the greatest number of people (Kay, 1997). When an action brings about happiness and pleasure to an extensive portion of a population that it will affect, then, such an action is morally acceptable in the eyes of a utilitarian (Kay, 1997). However, when an action brings about suffering and pain to an extensive segment of a population that it will affect, then, such an action is judged to be morally wrong in the eyes of a utilitarian (Kay, 1997). Considering that the process of punishing any person will automatically bring about pain to the one undergoing punishment, such a process will be morally acceptable to a utilitarian if it brings about joy to the most extens ive segment of a population (Kay, 1997). The action of punishing a person for breaking a law/laws cannot therefore be acceptable to a utilitarian if the action will fail to contribute in bringing joy to many (Kay, 1997). The innocence of an individual as it pertains to punishment is therefore of less importance here. What matters however is the effect of the punishment on the largest section of a populace-whether it will be able to bring them pleasure or pain (Kay, 1997). It is therefore possible to picture some complex scenarios that may justify the intentional punishment of an innocent person as it pertains to the utilitarian theory. For example, let’s imagine that a rioting and destructive mob capable of destroying properties as well as killing and injuring thousands of lives is demanding that a certain individual be killed (Newman, 1995). In this case, releasing the person whose life has been demanded by the destructive mob will definitely lead to many killings and pain; bringing about suffering and pain to many (Newman, 1995). On the other hand, killing the person whose life has been demanded by the destructive mob will deter the mob, and therefore save many lives and property, preventing pain for many (Newman, 1995). In this case, although the concerned person may be innocent; at least in legal terms, an individual or party that is guided by utilitarian principles will not hesitate to punish him (the person whose life has been demanded by the destructive mob) even if it means murdering him, because such an action will be deemed to have prevented suffering for the largest segment of a population (Newman, 1995).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Punishing an innocent person specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What about a person that has not been confirmed to be guilty and is held by the police for the reason that releasing such a person will lead to a series of crimes like murder that w ill immediately be done by the person in custody from the moment he is released (Newman, 1995). The person in custody, although innocent, can therefore be subjected to punishment as he is held in a prison where he endures limited freedom and deplorable living conditions in order to prevent him from bringing about harm to a portion of a society where he operates from (Newman, 1995). On the other hand, the person in custody can be given freedom by releasing him from custody, something that will precede a series of sufferings to a portion of a society where he operates from (Newman, 1995). The preferable action in the eyes of a utilitarian will therefore involve keeping the innocent person in custody, since this will prevent suffering to many. The person in custody is therefore sacrificed in order to save the largest portion of the society from pain (Newman, 1995). It may also be necessary for a government to design and implement a policy tailored to combat a wrong that has been done t o a population segment and bring the level of that segment to that of others in a society, as it pertains to their economic wellbeing among other parameters (Kay, 1997). Such a process will involve establishing policies like affirmative action to specifically favor minorities and the powerless in a society. Implementing affirmative action means that individuals living in a society where such a policy is implemented will be compelled to sacrifice some of their rights that they would otherwise have enjoyed; such as the access to employment and education, in order for such rights to be distributed to minorities (Kay, 1997). Although members of such a society may be innocent from oppressing minorities, they have been obliged to endure some form of punishment: when they sacrifice part of their rights (Kay, 1997). Such a price and sacrifice is of necessity in order for a government to accommodate every citizen and for the promotion of equality within a society. For the purpose of preservi ng an important moral value that has been threatened in a society, say the value of freedom, a process that may involve punishing the innocent may become a necessity (Newman, 1995). In such a case, it may be necessary for a nation to go to war.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To defeat the enemy, it may be impossible to avoid injuries and casualties including those that are in no way involved in combat (Newman, 1995). It therefore becomes necessary to punish innocent segments of a population residing in an environment that is controlled by an enemy, during combat (Newman, 1995). Although the principles of morality are hardly counted before embarking in combat, it may become morally right to consider the pain and suffering of populations affected by the war as a necessity required to protect and uphold a valuable moral right such as the right to freedom (Newman, 1995). The threat of terrorism for example has inspired fear and strived to limit our right to freedom (Newman, 1995). Although the exercise of wisdom and control is of necessity to prevent unnecessary suffering during the war on terror, it may become unavoidable at times for a nation to participate in combat- in the endeavor of mitigating terrorism and preserving societal rights (Newman, 1995). C onclusion As has been seen, it becomes necessary in certain circumstances to subject innocent individuals to punishment to achieve certain moral purposes. The utilitarian theory justifies the punishment of a person whether guilty or not on the criteria that such a punishment will inevitably lead to the wellbeing of the most extensive population segment in a society. Besides, policies like the affirmative action that emphasize on equality oblige government to compel some society members to sacrifice part of their rights for distribution to minorities. It may also become necessary to punish innocent members of communities in an environment controlled by an enemy by a nation that has gone to war to preserve important moral values like the right to freedom. Reference List Kay, D., January 20, 1997.Utilitarianism. [Online] New York: Wofford. http://sites.wofford.edu/kaycd/utilitarianism/ Murphy, G.J, 1990. The killing of the innocent. The Monist, 57 (4), p. 527-550. Newman, G., 1995. Jus t and painful. New York: McMillan.

Giant Pacific Octopus Facts

Giant Pacific Octopus Facts The giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), also known as the North Pacific giant octopus, is the largest and longest-lived octopus in the world. As its common name suggests, this large cephalopod lives along coastlines of the North Pacific Ocean. Fast Facts: Giant Pacific Octopus Scientific Name: Enteroctopus dofleiniOther Name: North Pacific giant octopusDistinguishing Features: Reddish-brown octopus with large head, mantle, and eight arms, usually identified by its large sizeAverage Size: 15 kg (33 lb) with arm span of 4.3 m (14 ft)Diet: CarnivorousAverage Lifespan: 3 to 5 yearsHabitat: Coastal North PacificConservation Status: Not evaluatedKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: MolluscaClass: CephalopodaOrder: OctopodaFamily: EnteroctopodidaeFun Fact: Despite its large size, it can escape any container with an opening large enough for its beak. Description Like other octopuses, the giant Pacific octopus exhibits bilateral symmetry and has a bulbous head, eight sucker-covered arms, and a mantle. Its beak and radula are at the center of the mantle. This octopus is generally reddish-brown, but special pigment cells in its skin change texture and color to camouflage the animal against rocks, plants, and coral. Like other octopuses, the giant Pacific octopus has blue, copper-rich blood that helps it obtain oxygen in cold water. The giant Pacific octopus is a master of disguise. Can you see it against the coral?. Andrey Nekrasov / Getty Images For an adult-age giant Pacific octopus, the average weight is 15 kg (33 lb) and the average arm span is 4.3 m (14 ft). Guinness World Records lists the largest specimen as weighing 136 kg (300 lb) with an arm span of 9.8 m (32 ft). Despite its large size, the octopus can compress its body to fit through any opening larger than its beak. The octopus is the most intelligent invertebrate. They have been known to play with toys, interact with a handler, open jars, use tools, and solve puzzles. In captivity, they can distinguish between and recognize different keepers. Distribution The giant Pacific octopus lives in the Pacific Ocean off the coasts of Russia, Japan, Korea, British Columbia, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California. It prefers cool, oxygenated water, adjusting its depth from the surface down to 2000 m (6600 ft) as required. E. dolphleini distribution. Kat OBrien Diet Octopuses are carnivorous predators that usually hunt at night. The giant Pacific octopus appears to feed on any animal within its size range, including fish, crabs, clams, small sharks, other octopuses, and even seabirds. The octopus grabs and restrains prey using its tentacles and suckers, then bites it and tears away flesh with its tough beak. Predators Adult and juvenile giant Pacific octopuses are preyed upon by sea otters, harbor seals, sharks, and sperm whales. The eggs and paralarvae support zooplankton filter feeders, such as baleen whales, some species of sharks, and many species of fish. The giant Pacific octopus is an important protein source for human consumption. It is also used as bait for Pacific halibut and other fish species. About 3.3 million tons of giant octopus are fished annually. Reproduction The giant Pacific octopus is the longest-lived octopus species, usually living 3 to 5 years in the wild. During this time, it leads a solitary existence, breeding only one time. During mating, the male octopus inserts a specialized arm called a hectocotylus into the females mantle, depositing a spermatophore. The female can store the spermatophore for several months before fertilization. After mating, the males physical condition deteriorates. He stops eating and spends more time in open water. Males typically die of being preyed upon, rather than starving to death. Giant Pacific octopus with her eggs. FriedC After mating, the female stops hunting. She lays between 120,000 and 400,000 eggs. She attaches the eggs to a hard surface, blows fresh water over them, cleans them, and chases away predators. Depending on water temperature, the eggs hatch in about six months. Females die soon after the eggs hatch. Each hatchling is about the size of a grain of rice, but grows at the rate of about 0.9% per day. Although many eggs are laid and hatch, most hatchlings are eaten before they reach adulthood. Conservation Status The giant Pacific octopus has not been evaluated for the IUCN Red List, nor is it protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. This is because its too hard to find and track the animals to assess its numbers. While not endangered, the species is likely threatened by pollution and climate change. Usually, the octopus flees warm water and dead zones in favor of cooler, oxygenated water, but some populations may be trapped between low-oxygen zones. Yet, the species can adapt to live in deep water, so it may be possible for the giant Pacific octopus to find a new habitat. Sources Cosgrove, James (2009). Super Suckers, The Giant Pacific octopus. BC: Harbour Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55017-466-3.Mather, J.A.; Kuba, M.J. (2013). The cephalopod specialties: complex nervous system, learning and cognition. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 91 (6): 431–449. doi:10.1139/cjz-2013-0009

Festivals of Greece & Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Festivals of Greece & Rome - Essay Example The Romans theatre history shows that they had several problems especially the stage craft and the imbalanced concept of drama with stage performances. As a result the stages in the beginning were constructed based on Greek models. In fact the concept of drama was introduced to Romans only from the Greeks. In this instance Romans stand next to the Greeks not equal to Greeks. The Greeks have a mythological background for all its religious festivals. Greeks’ strong faith in the supremacy of God is evident from the worship of each God and the reason they associate with their Gods. They honored their Gods through these festivals and had a faith that they could be punished in terms of earthquake or war if they don’t honor Gods. A festival according to both Greeks and Romans is not only for them but also for other visitors and participants from other countries to take part in competitions and contests. Especially sports, music and games. The course of the festival is declared as holiday. Greeks declare their festivals honoring their Gods such as Zeus, Olympia, Hera, and Dionysus who symbolize health, fertility, vegetation etc. The Greeks looked at their Gods as personifications of spring and periods. Where as most of the Roman festivals are celebrated during summer. Women were treated with equal importance as a result a special festival is organized for women honoring the Goddess Olympia, where sports events were conducted for women. The Panathenic festival in honor of the Goddess Hera, contained contests for singers, poets and playwrights. The Athens festival was considered as the most interesting event of the year, where series of operas, symphonies and ballets were performed at the theatre of Herodes Atticus. The influence of Greek drama could be seen in all the plays of all the times. Greeks performed plays in other religious festivals also especially the Church quoted dramatic scenes to explain religious

Collapse of Wilsonian World Order Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Collapse of Wilsonian World Order - Essay Example This means a way of collective means of recognizing, understanding and even addressing world problems beyond the capability of individual countries. The earliest origins of this word came from Woodrow Wilson who was the 28th president of the United States in the period after the severe damage of the World War I. Wilson believed that world democracies like the United States had the mandate of ensuring world stability. The whole idea involves promotion of peace and togetherness within the society while dealing with destructive individuals. In this respect it is important to understand the Wilson new world order, its implications and why it collapsed (Dunwalke 2007, p.3). Theory The concept of â€Å"Wilsonism† came into being during the regime of Woodrow Wilson where he wrote fourteen points about the issue. These points aimed at pushing America to join the League of Nations after the serious destruction of the World War I. Many modern commentators and politicians have used the t erm after World War II to mean a â€Å"new world order† in a bid to emphasize this policy.... The foreign policy that Wilson adopted was not only for protecting American welfare but instead his aim is to secure the interest of the entire humanity. In this ideology, it was sensible for Wilson to support the issue of free trade and international business relations to liberate the world. One of his major sayings cites that trade is â€Å"great nurse of liberal ideas† which meant that people can grow and develop with good business relationships. In addition, he stressed the need to enhance the true economy of America and then introduce it into the national sphere through world markets to make the country a democracy whose presence could be felt. It was clear that Wilson supported the power of embracing republicanism, which promotes democracy. This was clear from the National Security proposal he generate titled Engagement and Enlargement which had three major ideas that included advocating democracy globally, sustenance of a ready military group to meet the needs of the co untry, and expand America economy through the concepts of international trade (Wilson 2006, p.67). Immediately after the World War I, safeguarding democracy across the globe for Wilson meant defending the young republics within Latin America that had suffered for many years from corrupt authorities and pressures coming from the European powers. It also required protecting these republic from American dominance as it was during the presidency of Roosevelt. Wilson was keen on this foreign policy such that he spent most of his first years in power combating Latin American problems. For instance, he pushed Congress to revoke the 1912 Panama Canal Act in which most of

The faces of the Goddess :: English Literature

The faces of the Goddess Throughout history women have empowered themselves by taking on many different titles and roles. This can be seen in the two allegorical fantasy novels The Mists of Avalon and Forest house, both written by Marion Zimmer Bradley. In both novels we see the female protagonists take on many different roles as they move throughout the different stages of their lives. In the novels it is believed that the Goddess shows herself in every woman. The stages and roles held by the two priestesses, Morgaine and Eilan, represent the different forms the Goddess takes. Morgaine shows the Goddess within her when she acts as the Maiden or Virgin huntress, the Mother of all men and as the Old Death-crone. These forms of the Goddess show themselves in Eilan as the Maiden, the loving Mother and the Lady of Ravens or Death-crone. Both Morgaine's and Eilan's actions throughout the novels show that they represent the three faces of the Goddess: the Virgin Maiden, the lover of men and gods; the Mother, life-giver and caretaker of men; and the Old Death-crone, killer of men. To begin, Morgaine represents the Virgin Maiden, the lover of the God and Summer-king. This is shown when Morgaine is thinking to herself about her past while weaving a spell to kill Avalloch. She is planning to set her lover Accolon on the throne in the place of Avalloch after the king Uriens dies. Morgaine speaks in her mind: Years ago she had been the Virgin Huntress, blessing the Horned One and sending him forth to run with the deer and to conquer or die as the Goddess might decree. He had come back to her... now she was no longer that Virgin, holding all the power of the Huntress. (The Mists of Avalon 671) These lines show that Morgaine had once taken the form of the Virgin Goddess who gives herself to the King Stag. She did the duty of the Maiden Goddess while she was young and a physical maiden by setting Arthur the Stag-God on his throne. This is important because she feels now that she must set the God on his throne again but this time in the form of Accolon. Morgaine worries though because she feels she no longer has the power of the Maiden Huntress to do so. This shows that Morgaine doubts that the Goddess and all her selves are within her. This occurs despite the fact that she had assumed the position of Maiden before. Morgaine is still unlearned in the ways of the Goddess and like the Maiden, she must set out on a spiritual journey toward

Benefit Type

I would have to say that at the Health Home Program there are many benefit types and services available to the clients who receive treatment there, it is a residential treatment facility that provides individual and group counseling to drug addicted mothers or soon to be mothers. One of the main goals of the program is to ensure that women deliver drug free babies.The program is funded through many government grants to keep children with their mothers who are suffering from substance abuse, children are placed with their mothers once they are enrolled for treatment. Drug addiction is a major social problem with many dire consequences that follow, the home program works closely with DHS (department of homeless services) to ensure that the women receiving services are able to become caring and nurchuring parents to their children.The intensive treatment phase is completed while the women is a resident in the program, this is the time that she will detox off of the drugs and begin her r ecovery. I have learned that during residential treatment the women will be learning parenting basics, receiving mental health evaluations, going to dental and medical appointments, receive family counseling, and receive any other types of services that they specifically need.The services provided defiantly address the social problem of drug addiction and the affects that it can have on a family, the home program manages to nurture the bond between mother and child while repairing the damage that the addiction has caused. Some other services provided include: out-patient treatment, GED assistance, daycare, transitional housing after successful completion of the residential phase of treatment.Any woman who has a unique medical or emotional problems will receive special accommodations to ensure that she is comfortable and safe. I would have to say that at the Detox is offered at the program thus allowing the woman to â€Å"come down† off their drug of choice while their child i s being cared for by program staff. The benefits of this program are less children born addicted to drugs the better chance they have to be less addicted to drugs or live with the reaction of moms on drugs.

Report about Business Ethics

Ethics has been a big problem to many people because it is not easy to define and to give a clear meaning. Everybody would like to live an ethical life but it is not simple as it sounds. Ethical dilemma comes in, where two contrasting ethical ideas, issues or situations are experienced; hence making a decision may be a big issue. Ethics therefore is concerned about distinguishing between what is bad and good, good or evil, fair and unfair or just and unjust human actions either virtuous or non virtuous person’s character and behavior (Kant 56). The current event is about a corruption scandal in Mexico that is suspected to have been organized at a pharmaceutical giant Novartis firm. There is an investigation into a suspected corruption which is an ethical issue which needs to be addressed. This case involves the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) and the suspected firm (pharmaceutical giant Novartis). The Mexican president Felipe Calderon on Wednesday ordered for a thorough investigation about the case and suspicion on the possible corruption in the pharmaceutical giant Novartis firm (Olson 300). The suspected corruption was broadcasted on Tuesday evening by the Mexican TV network Televisa. To prove this, they provided an audio recording of a Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) senior official negotiating the purchase of $ 6.5 million ($ 80 million pesos) value of pharmaceuticals with Rafael Castro who is the director of Novartis laboratory director. The president is not happy about the scandal and may be that is the reason as to why he was furious on what he posted on his twitter account while on his mission to South Korea. He wants the possible culprits be punished immediately after investigation is over and he ordered for a thorough and comprehensive investigation (Olson 304). This act is unethical and it is punishable by law. This is seen as unethical and not procedural because it is a tender which must be advertised or published as by the laws governing the tendering process and procedures. There was collusion or negotiation before the tender was published; the officer is reported to have informed the Novartis’ representative that, tender was to be published on Thursday yet conspiracy had occurred on Tuesday before the actual date. This is seen as unfair, unethical and the concern deserves to be punished including the corresponding commission (Blackburn 90). The body that deals with corruption is working day and night to ensure the menace is reduced and eventually eradicated in the country. On Tuesday, the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) announced that it had fired and dismissed Cesar Mora Eguiarte from his position as Goods and Services Acquisition Coordinator who is believed to be at the centre of the whole corruption scandal (Kant 58). The pharmaceutical company has responded to support the government effort in the fight against corruption by suspending several Mexican officials and business people; this is according to the Mexican authorities report on Friday. The government of Mexico has been hit by major corruption scandals even though there have been numerous reforms that have been set to deal with the menace for many years. This is a setback to the government because many contracts have been investigated due to the public outcry on favorism in tender awarding process which is corrupt and it is awarded based on who you know (Blackburn 92). The big companies are the most affected with corruption and this problem is attributed to a highly monopolized economy. The government is in the fore front dealing with this unethical business issue and it has referred the matter to the anti-monopoly commission as well as other agencies dealing with cases of corruption (Olson 305). This is unethical issue as seen in the officials discussing about the percentages between three and five. A government official is adversely mentioned in this case to show how government is involved in such scandals but the good thing is that; corruption fight in Mexico is being fought from the top being led by the president. From what is happening in Mexico, it is quite clear that, corruption is still a major challenge in the whole country and it needs to be addressed before it reaches an adverse stage. Stringent laws should be set so as to curb this issue and total commitment as shown by the president must be upheld by all corruption agencies and government authorities. The authorities and agencies must deal with corruption by incorporating ethical principles (Singer 44). Ethical theory Ethical theories are the grand ideas where guiding rules and principles are based. These theories tend to strive so as to maintain coherent and systematic guidelines in fighting the menace (corruption) which has rocked the country currently and in the past. All ethical theories are egoistic and altruistic attitudes towards mankind behavior and character (Perle 84). The theories are meant to provide and to enhance ethical principles and values that will guide people’s behavior and character in their actions. They are the general truths and systems that defend a particular action and aims at correction anomalies and deviations. Aristotle is seen as a person behind all the theories dealing with business ethics. He has contributed much on the business ethics by fighting for fairness and good behaviors in transacting business (Singer 46). Utilitarianism theory Based on the question and what is happening currently in Mexican government on issues to do with corruption, utilitarian theory can best explain and address this corruption scandal on the basis of its argument. Utilitarian theory is one of the commonly used functional theories and favored by many people and ethical theorists. This theory is also known as teleology or consequentialism theory. This theory basically enhances good values by using the right means to achieve its expected goals and objectives. It explains how rules and regulations must be adhered to; so as to satisfy and give the most advantage to those who may have been done injustice in one way or another by those with power and authority (Blackburn 94). The theory advocates for achieving the most advantage to the majority of the people in the society. It fights for the vulnerable in the society from a few greedy people in the society who are just after their own self interest (Vendemiati 60). This theory fits the current situation because we see a few people who want to take advantage of their positions to only benefit themselves at the expense of the majority of Mexicans. This theory advocates for fairness, equality and justice for all irrespective of ones status or position in the society. Business ethics should be the corner stone of all business transactions. This theory basis is laid on the broader social policies which are seen as most important and can build a strong ground for fighting this vice affecting the society (Perle 78). The theory holds the consequences and effects of a particular action in order to form the basis of any valid moral judgment about someone’s actions based on the rules of consequentialism (Silverstein 88). This is evidenced when the president gave out directives for investigation to be done and those responsible for the scandal to be dealt with in accordance to the laws (Singer 45).   Ã‚   Someone’s actions form the basis of judgment and this is practically seen when the senior officials in the pharmaceutical firm are suspended so as to pave way for a thorough investigation. Utilitarianist’s point of view is that, they wanted a morally right action that produces the desired outcome or consequences which are justified by the fact that, the ends justify its means. This is therefore a modern moral philosophy coined by G. E. Anscombe in 1958 where stated that, everybody should carry his or her cross based on the actions and the behavior demonstrated (Silverstein 90) . This theory main feature is the consequences in evaluating and judging the wrongness or rightness, fairness or unfairness of the actions demonstrated by different people. The results or outcomes of an action will overweight other considerations and legal requirements that may be required for a final judgment. The theory has tried to explain the consequences that are good or bad, the main beneficiary of the moral action taken and finally how the consequences are judged or determined and who judges are or who should provide a ruling (Blackburn 96). According to hedonistic utilitarianism, an action is said to be good if it increases pleasure and the action is one whose outcome satisfies the greatest number of people. This is meant to ensure everybody plays his or her role in accordance to the set rules and regulations governing their actions. It also focuses on tensions and conflicts between different states of affairs which are expected and what not and therefore should be adjudicated (Lyons 231). Motive utilitarianism was developed by Adams Robert which suggested that, ethics is a hybrid between acts and rules which are seen to be realistic and ethical. The motive is deemed to be realistic on how people function psychologically when dealing with others. It explains how people are emotional, passionate and we try to justify our deeds even if our actions are negative. People do not consider negative prohibitions and hindrances but they continue engaging in bad deeds because others do it. It seems from the current corruption in Mexico that, it happened because others did in the past and others are still engaging themselves in it; hence its purpose is to promote and to justify what others have been doing (Kant 60). Motive utilitarianism is seen as a response to the rules which are against the realities but hypothetical situations which are common in the philosophical and psychological articles and publications. Motive utilitarianism proposes that, our moral task is to learn within ourselves good morals which are socially and morally acceptable by the majority. We should be useful by serving others in the positions we are in for the benefit of all that we serve; but not to promote greediness and self-centeredness as the pharmaceutical officials who promoted corruption for the sake of themselves. The motive utilitarianism is meant to deter people who may be wishing to do wrong things (Lyons 232). Negative utilitarianism This type of utilitarian theory aims at promoting the least evil or harm to the people or the community. It is meant to prevent the greatest amount and mass suffering for the greatest number of people. Most ethical theorists such as Karl Popper, Christoph Fehige and Clark Wolf believe that, this is the most effective and efficient ethical theory because it fights the vices in the society that can harm majority of the people. It clarifies the field of ethics that will end the demand for negativity by promoting happiness that will satisfy everybody who has a share and interest in what is happening (Lyons 234). Negative utilitarianism can be clearly seen when the president was unhappy by what was happening in the country. The president knew that, the outcome of the corruption scandal would affect most citizens of Mexico. The health sector would be affected because most patients would have lacked drugs due to corruption promoted in the pharmaceutical firm (Orend 19). Ethical issues of this theory (Utilitarianism theory) Some ethical theorists do not believe in this theory citing that it is not comprehensive and does not have the evidence to support it. It lacks moral authority to reduce unethical issues in the society and they believe that is not an independent theory because it must depend on other factors and theories. They further argue that, they only sacrifice to reduce extreme suffering but not to avoid the pain the majority will get in the society (Lyons 235). The theory is said to be pessimistic and does not try to support the societal norms and values. The ethics of the issue is concerned about the standards that are used to add value to the societal norms, values and general principles. For this corruption in the government which has dominated, the president acted ethically by calling for investigation into the whole corruption scandal. It is ethical because he is playing a crucial role reducing cases of corruption. He also acted ethically by not defending the top government officials such as the director in the pharmaceutical firm. He is using the rules and regulations to promote acceptable behaviors by minimizing and avoiding negative effects of vices such as corruption in the country which has been enhanced by the senior government officials (Kant 62). It is unethical for the health official to engage in corruption where funds will be lost that could have been used to purchase drugs in order to assist the patients in the health centers and hospitals. The ethical values are learnt at the tender age and so the societal institutions must incorporate societal norms and values that are ethically and socially acceptable at all times by most people (Blackburn 98). Although a person is as a separate entity, he is suppose to have his or her own personal values because there are some norms and values that are generally acceptable by the medical community, legislatures, executive, courts and the society at large and must be upheld at all times. Respect for the patients rights by availing the needed medication or treatment in all health facilities in the country must be given the first priority. This can be achieved by considering the fundamentals that are sometimes given overriding importance and seriousness it deserves (Orend 21). The ethical issues arising are the fact that, corruption seem to have rooted well in Mexico and it is even complicating the authorities on which one to handle first. It seems there are no stringent rules and regulations governing the authorities and agencies dealing with corruption in Mexico. It is unethical for an emerging corruption scandal to be given much attention yet other past scandals are not dealt with. The government authorities and agencies have started investigating the matter; and it is believed that, such bodies should not have waited for the president to give orders for investigation to commence yet they have powers and authority to deal with the issue (Kelly 160). This theory has further been criticized because it is argued that, it lacks the convincing proof; hence becoming an ethical issue. It does not clarify whether the correct ethical system is to be solved by either logics or through science methods. It is further confused by the common claim that, utilitarian theory may be unethical by the other ethical schools, theories and formal logic itself. It must appeal to the other facts and evidence which must be justified beyond any reasonable doubt (Orend 23). This theory has created an ethical dilemma and sharp differences in the argument that has prejudice and underrated the work of the ethical theorists. The most eminent issue is what to be considered ethical and what not. As earlier explained during the definition, it has become a major issue and a challenge to put a clear cut line on what is considered ethical and what not based on that argument. The main issue is that, what someone else consider ethical may be unethical in another person. This has therefore brought a lot of differences, confusion and disagreement on the whole issue ethical standards (Kelly 161). The issue of corruption is agreeable by most people as unethical and it is a vice that has affected the country’s development because of the misuse of financial resources. By conspiring to award someone a tender before the due process is followed is unethical and one is liable to face the law for misconduct and misuse of office. Some past actions might be ignited by the current issue on corruption; hence can be dealt with once and for all (Orend 24). There has been much debate and discussion on the issue of ethics concerning the fight against vices such as corruption in Mexico where the nature of ethics have been questioned whether it is linked to the behavior of someone or the lack of stringent rules and regulations governing the institutions. Many ethical theorists have an issue on the character of someone and agencies or authorities with the mandate to deal with some issues (Silverstein 96). There are some questions which surrounds the theory on whether morals are subjective or objective in its applicability (Vendemiati 56). In conclusion, ethics should be the guiding principles on all business transactions in all organizations and institutions. Business ethics should be observed so as the institution to remain socially acceptable by its deeds or actions. The corruption at the pharmaceutical firm is unethical and must be dealt with accordingly. Ethics should promote good, fair and just actions and punish the evil in the society (Kelly 163). Works cited: Blackburn, Sal med. Being good: A short introduction to ethics. Oxford: Oxford University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, 2001 (2) 90-98. Kant, Immanuel. In The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, 2003 (3) 56-62. Kelly, Eugene. The Basics of Western Philosophy. New York: Greenwood Press, 2006 (4) 160-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   163. Lyons, David. Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2005 (3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   231-235. Olson, Robert. Deontological Ethics: The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Collier   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macmillan, 2000 (2) 300-305. Orend, Brian. War and International Justice: A Kantian Perspective. West Waterloo, Ontario:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000 (3) 19-24. Singer, Peter. Writings on an ethical life. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 2000 (2) 44-46. Silverstein, Harry. A Defence of Cornman’s Utilitarian Kantian Principle, Philosophical Studies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000 (1) 88-96. Perle, Stephen. Morality and Ethics: An Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill Book   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Company, 2004 (6) 78-84. Vendemiati, Aldo. In the First Person, an Outline of General Ethics. Rome: Urbaniana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press, 2004 (3) 56-60.